Ua ʻōlelo ʻia he wai nā kānaka. ʻO ka hapa nui o ke kaumaha o ke kino o ke kanaka he wai. ʻO ka ʻōpio o ka makahiki, ʻoi aku ka kiʻekiʻe o ka nui o ka wai i loko o ke kino. I ka hānau ʻana o ke keiki, ʻo ka wai ka 90% o ke kaumaha o ke kino. Ke ulu ʻo ia i kahi ʻōpio, hiki i ka nui o ka wai kino ma kahi o 75%. ʻO 65% ka nui o ka wai o nā pākeke maʻamau. ʻAʻole hiki i kēlā me kēia kanaka ke ola me ka wai ʻole i kēlā me kēia lā. Pono ka wai inu i ke kīʻaha wai. Ma ka home a ma ke keʻena paha, e loaʻa i kēlā me kēia kanaka ko lākou kīʻaha wai ponoʻī. He mea nui loa ke koho ʻana i kahi kīʻaha wai kūpono iā mākou. Eia kekahi, aia nā ʻano kīʻaha wai ma ka mākeke. Pehea e koho ai i kahi kīʻaha wai maikaʻi a maikaʻi hoʻi kā mākou hopohopo kūikawā. I kēia lā, e haʻi aku ka mea hoʻoponopono iā ʻoe pehea e koho ai i kahi kūponokīʻaha wai?
E kamaʻilio ka ʻatikala e pili ana i kēia mau ʻaoʻao
1. He aha nā mea o nā kīʻaha wai
1.1 Ke kila kila
1.2 aniani
1.3 Palaki
1.4 Keramika
1.5 Enamel
1.6 Kiaha pepa
1.7 Kiaha laau
2. E wehewehe i kāu mau pono ma ke ʻano
3. E mālama pono i ke kūʻai ʻana i nā kīʻaha wai
4. He aha nā kīʻaha wai i ʻōlelo ʻia
1. He aha nā mea o nā kīʻaha wai?
Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā mea o nā kīʻaha wai i ke kila kila, aniani, plastic, ceramic, enamel, pepa, a me ka lāʻau. Nui nā ʻano ʻāpana kikoʻī o kēlā me kēia mea. E wehewehe au iā lākou ma lalo nei.
> 1.1 Ke kila kila
ʻO ke kila kila he mea hoʻohuihui. I kekahi manawa hopohopo mākou no ka ʻōpala a i ʻole kekahi mea. ʻOiai he kīʻaha wai kila kila e kū ana i nā kūlana aupuni, haʻahaʻa loa ka hiki o ka ʻōpala. Hoʻohana ʻia kēia ʻano kīʻaha no ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i ka wai paila maʻamau ma lalo o ka hoʻohana maʻamau, ʻaʻohe pono e hopohopo iki. Eia naʻe, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka makaʻala ʻaʻole e hoʻohana i kēia kīʻaha kila kila no ke kī, soy sauce, winika, sopa, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe no ka manawa lōʻihi, i pale aku ai ke kino kīʻaha mai ka corrosive maoli a me ka ua o ka metala chromium i mea ʻino. i ke kino kanaka.
ʻO nā mea kila kila maʻamau no nā kīʻaha wai he 304 kila kila a me 316 kila kila. ʻOi aku ka ikaika o 316 ma mua o 304 i ka waika, alkali a me ke kūpaʻa wela kiʻekiʻe. He aha ke kila kila 304? He aha ka 316 kila kila?
E kamaʻilio mua kākou no ka hao a me ke kila.
ʻO ka ʻokoʻa ma waena o ka hao a me ke kila ka mea nui i loko o ke kalapona. Hoʻololi ʻia ka hao i kila ma o ka hoʻomaʻemaʻe ʻana i ke kalapona. ʻO ke kila he mea me kahi kalapona ma waena o 0.02% a me 2.11%; ʻO kahi mea me kahi mea kalapona kiʻekiʻe (ʻoi aku ma mua o 2%) ua kapa ʻia ʻo ka hao (i kapa ʻia ʻo ka hao puaʻa). ʻO ke kiʻekiʻe o ke kalapona, ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī, no laila ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī o ka hao ma mua o ke kila, akā ʻoi aku ka paʻakikī o ke kila.
Pehea ʻaʻole ʻeleʻele ke kila? No ke aha ka hao i ka pala?
Hoʻopili kemika i ka hao me ka oxygen a me ka wai i ka lewa e hana i kahi kiʻiʻoniʻoni oxide ma ka ʻili, ʻo ia ke kumu e ʻike pinepine ai mākou i ka ʻulaʻula.
ʻO ka ʻōpala
Nui nā ʻano kila, a ʻo ke kila kuhili wale kekahi o lākou. Ua kapa ʻia ke kila kila ʻo "stainless acid-resistant steel". ʻO ke kumu o ka ʻeleʻele ʻole o ke kila ʻo ia ka hoʻohui ʻia ʻana o kekahi mau mea haumia metala i ke kaʻina hana kila e hana ai i ke kila kila (e like me ka hoʻohui ʻana i ka metala chromium Cr), akā ʻaʻole ʻo ka ʻōpala ʻo ia wale nō ka mea ʻaʻole ia e ʻino ʻia e ka ea. Inā makemake ʻoe e kūpaʻa i ka waika a me ka corrosion-resistant, pono ʻoe e hoʻohui i nā metala ʻē aʻe. ʻEkolu mau metala maʻamau: martensitic stainless steel, ferritic stainless steel a me austenitic stainless steel.
Loaʻa i ka Austenitic stainless steel ka hana piha piha. ʻO ka 304 a me ka 316 i ʻōlelo ʻia ma luna nei he mau kila kila austenitic. He ʻokoʻa ke ʻano metala o nā mea ʻelua. Ua kiʻekiʻe loa ka pale ʻana o ka corrosion o 304, a ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o 316 ma mua o ia. Hoʻohui ke kila 316 i ka molybdenum i ka 304, hiki ke hoʻomaikaʻi maikaʻi i kona hiki ke pale aku i ka corrosion oxide a me ka alumini chloride corrosion. E hoʻohana kekahi mau mea hale a moku paha i ka 316. He mau metala meaʻai ʻelua, no laila ʻaʻohe pilikia i ke koho ʻana. A inā paha e ʻike ʻia ka ʻokoʻa ma waena o nā maka kanaka, ʻaʻole ka pane.
>1.2 aniani
Pono e ʻōlelo ʻia ma waena o nā kīʻaha āpau o nā mea like ʻole, ʻo ke aniani ka mea olakino, a ʻaʻole hoʻohana ʻia kekahi mau kemika kūlohelohe i ke kaʻina o ke aniani kī. Ke hopohopo maoli nei mākou no ka komo ʻana o nā kinikona kino i loko o ke kīʻaha ponoʻī i loko o ko mākou kino i ka wā e inu ai i ka wai, a loaʻa nā hopena ʻaoʻao i ke kino o ke kanaka. ʻAʻohe pilikia i ka hoʻohana ʻana i ke aniani. I ka hoʻohana ʻana, inā e hoʻomaʻemaʻe a ʻohi paha, ʻoi aku ka maʻalahi o ke aniani.
Ua māhele ʻia nā kīʻaha wai aniani maʻamau i ʻekolu ʻano: nā kīʻaha wai aniani soda-lime, nā kīʻaha wai aniani borosilicate kiʻekiʻe, a me nā kīʻaha wai aniani aniani.
Ⅰ. Nā kīʻaha aniani soda-lime
ʻO ke aniani soda-lime kekahi ʻano aniani silicate. ʻO ka nui o ia mea he silicon dioxide, calcium oxide, a me ka sodium oxide. ʻO nā mea nui o ke aniani pālahalaha maʻamau, nā ʻōmole, nā kini, nā ʻōpuʻu kukui, a me nā mea ʻē aʻe he aniani soda-lime.
Pono e loaʻa i kēia aniani waiwai ke kūpaʻa kemika maikaʻi a me ke kūpaʻa wela, no ka mea, ʻo nā mea nui he silicon dioxide, calcium silicate, a me ka sodium silicate melts. ʻAʻohe hopena ʻino i ka hoʻohana ʻana i kēlā me kēia lā, ʻaʻole ia e hoʻopilikia i ke olakino.
Ⅱ. ʻO nā kīʻaha aniani borosilicate kiʻekiʻe
ʻO ke aniani borosilicate kiʻekiʻe ka maikaʻi o ke ahi, ka ikaika kino kiʻekiʻe, ʻaʻohe hopena ʻino, a me nā waiwai mechanical koʻikoʻi, ke kūpaʻa wela, ka pale wai, ke kūpaʻa alkali, a me ka pale ʻana i ka waikawa. Hoʻohana nui ʻia ia i nā huahana he nui e like me nā kukui, nā papa ʻaina, a me nā lens telescope. Ke hoʻohālikelike ʻia me ke aniani soda-lime, hiki iā ia ke pale i nā loli wela hou aʻe. ʻOi aku ka lahilahi a me ka māmā o kēia ʻano aniani, a ʻoi aku ka māmā i ka lima. ʻO ka nui o kā mākou mau kīʻaha wai i hana ʻia i kēia manawa, e like me ke kīʻaha wai aniani pālua me ka kānana kī o Thermos, ʻo ke kino kīʻaha holoʻokoʻa i hana ʻia i ke aniani borosilicate kiʻekiʻe.
Ⅲ. aniani aniani
ʻO ke aniani aniani e pili ana i kahi ipu i hana ʻia e ke aniani hoʻoheheʻe ʻia a laila hana ʻia kahi ipu e like me ke aniani, ʻike ʻia hoʻi ʻo ke aniani artificial. Ma muli o ka liʻiliʻi a me ka paʻakikī o ka ʻeli ʻana i ke aniani kūlohelohe, ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻokō i nā pono o nā kānaka, no laila ua hānau ʻia ke aniani aniani.
ʻO ke ʻano o ke aniani aniani he aniani akaka, e hōʻike ana i kahi manaʻo maikaʻi loa. ʻO kēia ʻano aniani kahi huahana kiʻekiʻe ma waena o ke aniani, no laila e ʻoi aku ke kumukūʻai o ke aniani aniani ma mua o ke aniani maʻamau. Hiki ke hoʻokaʻawale ʻia ke aniani aniani mai ke aniani maʻamau e ka nānā ʻana. Inā ʻoe e paʻi a paʻi paha iā ia me kou lima, hiki i ke aniani aniani ke hana i ke kani metala koʻikoʻi, a kaumaha ke aniani aniani i kou lima. Ke hoʻohuli ʻoe i ke aniani aniani e kūʻē i ke kukui, e ʻike ʻoe i ke keʻokeʻo a me ke aniani aniani.
>1.3 Palaki
Nui nā ʻano kīʻaha wai plastik ma ka mākeke. ʻO nā mea plastik nui ʻekolu he PC (polycarbonate), PP (polypropylene), a me tritan (Tritan Copolyester).
Ⅰ. mea PC
Mai ka hiʻohiʻona o ka palekana waiwai, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi o ka PC ʻaʻole e koho. Ua hoʻopaʻapaʻa mau ʻia nā mea PC, ʻoi aku hoʻi no ka ʻeke meaʻai. Mai ka hiʻohiʻona o nā molekele kemika, ʻo PC kahi polymer molecular kiʻekiʻe i loaʻa nā pūʻulu carbonate i ke kaulahao mole. No laila no ke aha ʻaʻole ʻōlelo ʻia e koho i nā kīʻaha wai mea PC?
Hana ʻia ka PC mai ka bisphenol A (BPA) a me ka carbon oxychloride (COCl2). E hoʻokuʻu ʻia ka Bisphenol A ma lalo o ka wela kiʻekiʻe. Hōʻike kekahi mau noiʻi noiʻi hiki i ka bisphenol A ke hoʻoulu i nā maʻi endocrine, ka maʻi kanesa, ka momona i hoʻokumu ʻia e nā maʻi metabolic, a me ka wā ʻōpio mua o nā keiki e pili pū ana me ka bisphenol A. kona hoʻohui ʻana i ka ʻeke meaʻai. Ke manaʻoʻiʻo nei ka EU he hiki i nā ʻōmole pēpē i loaʻa ka bisphenol A ke hoʻoulu i ka wā ʻōpio mua a hiki ke loaʻa i ka hopena i ke olakino o ka pēpē a me nā keiki. Mai Malaki 2, 2011, ua pāpā pū ka EU i ka hana ʻana i nā ʻōmole pēpē i loaʻa ka bisphenol A. Ma Kina, ua pāpā ʻia ka lawe ʻana mai a kūʻai aku i nā ʻōmole pēpē PC a i ʻole nā ʻōmole pēpē like me ka bisphenol A mai Kepakemapa 1, 2011.
Hiki ke ʻike ʻia he pilikia palekana ka PC. Manaʻo wau ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ʻaʻole e koho i nā mea PC inā loaʻa kahi koho.
ʻO ke kūʻai pololei ʻana o ka hale hana i nā kīʻaha inu polycarbonate nui
Ⅱ. PP mea
ʻO PP, i kapa ʻia ʻo polypropylene, ʻaʻohe kala, ʻaʻala ʻole, ʻaʻohe mea ʻawaʻawa, translucent, ʻaʻohe bisphenol A, hiki ke lapalapa, he wahi hoʻoheheʻe ʻo 165 ℃, palupalu ma kahi o 155 ℃, a loaʻa ka pae wela o -30. i 140 ℃. ʻO nā kīʻaha papa ʻaina PP ʻo ia wale nō ka mea plastik hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia no ka hoʻomehana microwave.
Ⅲ. Mea Tritan
He polyester kemika hoʻi ʻo Tritan e hoʻoponopono i nā hemahema o nā plastics, me ka paʻakikī, ka ikaika hopena, a me ka kūpaʻa hydrolysis. He kūpaʻa kemika, akaka loa, a ʻaʻohe bisphenol A i loko o ka PC. Ua hala ʻo Tritan i ka palapala hōʻoia FDA a ka US Food and Drug Administration (Food Contact Notification (FCN) No.729) a ʻo ia ka mea i koho ʻia no nā huahana pēpē ma ʻEulopa a me ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa.
Ke kūʻai mākou i kīʻaha wai, hiki iā mākou ke ʻike i ke ʻano a me nā mea o ke kīʻaha wai, e like me ka hoʻolauna kumu kumu ma lalo nei:
> 1.4 Keramika
Manaʻo wau ua lohe ʻoe iā Jingdezhen, a kaulana loa nā seramika Jingdezhen. Nui nā ʻohana i nā kīʻaha seramika, ʻoi aku ka nui o nā kīʻaha kī. ʻO ka mea i kapa ʻia ʻo "ceramic cup" he ʻano ia i hana ʻia i ka pālolo, i hana ʻia me ka pālolo a i ʻole nā mea waiwai ʻole non-metallic ʻē aʻe, ma o ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana, sintering a me nā kaʻina hana ʻē aʻe, a ma hope a maloʻo a paʻakikī ʻole i ka wai.
ʻO ka hopohopo nui i ka wā e hoʻohana ai i nā kīʻaha seramika ʻo ia ka mea i hoʻohana ʻia i nā seramika ma mua o ke kūlana o nā mea metala kaumaha (lead a me cadmium). ʻO ka lawe lōʻihi o ke kēpau a me ka cadmium e hoʻoulu ai i nā metala kaumaha nui i loko o ke kino, he mea maʻalahi ia e hoʻoulu i nā ʻano like ʻole i loko o nā mea nui e like me ke ake, nā puʻupaʻa, a me ka lolo.
ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o ka inu ʻana i ka wai mai ke kīʻaha seramika, me ka ʻole o nā kemika organik synthetic. Manaʻo ʻia e hele mākou a pau i kekahi mau mākeke kīʻaha seramika kaulana (a i ʻole nā hale kūʻai brand) e kūʻai i nā kīʻaha wai seramika maikaʻi, ʻo ia hoʻi kahi hōʻoia maikaʻi no ko mākou olakino.
He nani loa nā kīʻaha seramika
> 1.5 Enamel
Manaʻo wau ua poina ka poʻe he aha ka enamel. Ua hoʻohana anei mākou i nā kīʻaha enamel? E nānā i ke kiʻi ma lalo e ʻike ai.
Hana ʻia nā kīʻaha enamel ma ka uhi ʻana i kahi papa o ka ceramic glaze ma ka ʻili o nā kīʻaha metala a puhi ʻia i ka wela kiʻekiʻe. ʻO ka hoʻopili ʻana i ka ʻili metala me ka ceramic glaze hiki ke pale i ka metala mai ka oxidized a me ka ʻōpala, a hiki ke pale aku i ka ʻino o nā wai like ʻole. Hoʻohana nui ʻia kēia ʻano kīʻaha enamel e ko mākou mau mākua, akā ua pau i kēia manawa. Ua ʻike ka poʻe i ʻike iā ia e ʻeleʻele ka metala o loko o ke kīʻaha ma hope o ka hāʻule ʻana o ka aniani seramika ma waho.
Hana ʻia nā kīʻaha enamel ma hope o ka enameling wela kiʻekiʻe ma nā kaukani degere Celsius. ʻAʻole loaʻa nā mea ʻino e like me ke kēpau a hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia me ka hilinaʻi. Eia nō naʻe, hiki ke hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ka metala i loko o ke kīʻaha i loko o kahi kaiapuni ʻakika, a e like me ka mea i ʻōlelo ʻia ma luna nei, e hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ka pōʻino o ka ʻili i nā mea ʻino. Inā hoʻohana ʻia, ʻoi aku ka maikaʻi ʻaʻole e hoʻohana i nā kīʻaha enamel e paʻa i nā mea inu ʻawaʻawa no ka manawa lōʻihi.
> 1.6 Kiaha pepa
I kēia mau lā, hoʻohana nui mākou i nā kīʻaha pepa hoʻopau. Ma nā hale ʻaina, nā lumi malihini, a ma ka home paha, hiki iā mākou ke ʻike i nā kīʻaha pepa. Hāʻawi nā kīʻaha pepa iā mākou i ka ʻoluʻolu a me ka maʻemaʻe no ka mea hiki ke hoʻopau. Eia nō naʻe, paʻakikī ke noʻonoʻo inā maʻemaʻe a maʻemaʻe nā kīʻaha pepa. Aia kekahi mau kīʻaha pepa haʻahaʻa i ka nui o nā kukui fluorescent, hiki ke hoʻololi i nā cell cell a lilo i kumu carcinogenic ma hope o ke komo ʻana i ke kino kanaka.
Hoʻokaʻawale ʻia nā kīʻaha pepa maʻamau i nā kīʻaha i uhi ʻia i ka wax a me nā kīʻaha polyethylene-coated (pe uhi PE).
ʻO ke kumu o ka uhi ʻana i ka wax ka pale ʻana i ka leaka wai. Ma muli o ka heheʻe ʻana o ka wax i ka wā e hālāwai ai me ka wai wela, hoʻohana ʻia nā kīʻaha i uhi ʻia i ka wax e like me nā kīʻaha inu anu. Ma muli o ka heheʻe ʻana o ka wax, e make anei ia inā inu ʻoe? Hiki iā ʻoe ke hōʻoiaʻiʻo inā ʻoe e inu i ka wax i hoʻoheheʻe ʻia mai ke kīʻaha wax, ʻaʻole ʻoe e ʻona. Hoʻohana nā kīʻaha pepa kūpono i ka paraffin meaʻai, ʻaʻole ia e hōʻeha i ke kino. Eia naʻe, ʻaʻohe kīʻaha pepa waxed i kēia manawa. ʻO nā mea pono e hoʻohui i kahi papa o ka emulsion ma waho o ke kīʻaha wax e hoʻolilo iā ia i kīʻaha pālua-pā pololei. Hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia ke kīʻaha pālua ʻelua e like me ke kīʻaha inu wela a me ke kīʻaha ice cream.
Hoʻohana pinepine ʻia nā kīʻaha pepa i uhi ʻia i ka polyethylene ma ka mākeke. ʻO nā kīʻaha polyethylene i uhi ʻia he hana hou. E uhi ʻia kēia ʻano kīʻaha me kahi ʻāpana o ka polyethylene (PE) i uhi ʻia ma ka ʻili i ka wā o ka hana ʻana, e like me ka uhi ʻana i ka ʻili o ke kīʻaha pepa me kahi papa kiʻiʻoniʻoni.
He aha ka polyethylene? Ua palekana anei?
Kūleʻa ka Polyethylene i nā wela kiʻekiʻe, he maʻemaʻe kiʻekiʻe, ʻaʻohe mea hoʻohui kemika, ʻoi aku ka plasticizers, bisphenol A a me nā mea ʻē aʻe. No laila, hiki ke hoʻohana ʻia nā kīʻaha pepa disposable i uhi ʻia i ka polyethylene no nā mea inu anu a me nā mea inu wela, a palekana. Ke koho mākou, pono mākou e nānā i ke ʻano o ke kīʻaha, e like me ka wehewehe ʻana i lalo:
ʻO ka wehewehe ʻana o ke ʻano o kekahi momo kīʻaha pepa
>1.7 Kiaha laau
He maʻalahi ke kahe ʻana o nā kīʻaha lāʻau maʻemaʻe ke hoʻopiha ʻia i ka wai, a pono e uhi ʻia me ka aila wax lāʻau edible a i ʻole ka lacquer e hoʻokō ai i ke kūpaʻa wela, ke kūpaʻa wai a me ka wai. ʻO ka aila ʻaila lāʻau hiki ke ʻai ʻia i loko o ka beeswax maoli, ka aila linseed, ka ʻaila sunflower, ka aila soybean, etc., ʻaʻole i loaʻa nā mea kemika, a he ʻōmaʻomaʻo a pili i ke kaiapuni.
ʻAʻole hoʻohana ʻia nā kīʻaha lāʻau, a he mea maʻamau ka loaʻa ʻana o nā kīʻaha lāʻau no ka inu kī ma ka home.
He kakaikahi ka hoʻohana ʻana. Hiki paha i ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea lāʻau maka ke hoʻopau i ka kaiaola, a he kiʻekiʻe loa ke kumukūʻai o ka hana ʻana i kahi kīʻaha wai lāʻau nui.
2. E wehewehe i kāu mau pono?
Hiki iā ʻoe ke koho i kāu kīʻaha wai ponoʻī e like me kēia mau hiʻohiʻona.
[Hoʻohana ʻohana i kēlā me kēia lā]
Mai noʻonoʻo i ka pilikia o ka lawe ʻana i waho, ʻōlelo ʻia nā kīʻaha aniani.
[Nā haʻuki a me ka hoʻohana pilikino]
ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o ka hoʻohana ʻana i nā mea plastik, ka mea kū i ka hāʻule.
[Ka huakaʻi ʻoihana a me ka hoʻohana pilikino]
Hiki iā ʻoe ke waiho i loko o kāu ʻeke a i ke kaʻa paha ke hele ʻoe i kahi huakaʻi ʻoihana. Inā pono ʻoe e mahana, hiki iā ʻoe ke koho i ke kila kila.
[No ka hoʻohana keʻena]
He kūpono a like me ka hoʻohana ʻana i ka home. Manaʻo ʻia e koho i kahi kīʻaha wai aniani.
3. He aha nā mea e mālama ai i ke kūʻai ʻana i kīʻaha wai?
1. Mai ka manaʻo o ke olakino a me ka palekana, pono e koho mua i ke kīʻaha aniani. ʻAʻole i loko o nā kīʻaha aniani nā kemika kūlohelohe a maʻalahi ke hoʻomaʻemaʻe.
2. I ke kū'ai 'ana i kī'aha wai, e hele i kahi supermarket nui a i 'ole e kū'ai i kī'aha wai brand ma ka pūnaewele. E heluhelu i ka wehewehe huahana a me ka hoʻolauna hou aku. Mai kuko i ka haʻahaʻa a mai kūʻai aku i nā huahana ʻekolu-ʻole.
3. Mai kūʻai i nā kīʻaha plastik me nā mea ʻala ikaika.
4. Manaʻo ʻia ʻaʻole e kūʻai i nā kīʻaha plastik i hana ʻia me PC.
5. I ke kūʻai ʻana i nā kīʻaha seramika, e nānā nui i ka maʻalahi o ka glaze. Mai kūʻai i nā kīʻaha ʻālohilohi, haʻahaʻa, kaumaha a me nā kīʻaha kala momona.
6. Mai kūʻai aku i nā kīʻaha kila kuhili ʻole. ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi e kūʻai i nā kīʻaha kila kila 304 a i ʻole 316.
7. Ke kūʻai ʻana i kīʻaha enamel, e nānā inā ua pohō ka pā kīʻaha a me ka ʻaoʻao kīʻaha. Ina he poino, mai kuai.
8. He wela nā kīʻaha aniani hoʻokahi. ʻOi aku ka maikaʻi o ke koho ʻana i nā kīʻaha pālua a ʻoi aku ka mānoanoa.
9. Hiki i kekahi mau kīʻaha ke kahe ma nā poʻi, no laila e nānā inā he mau apo sila.
Ka manawa hoʻouna: Sep-18-2024