Akuti anthu amapangidwa ndi madzi. Kulemera kwakukulu kwa thupi la munthu ndi madzi. Msinkhu wocheperako, m'pamenenso kuchuluka kwa madzi m'thupi kumakwera. Mwana akangobadwa kumene, madzi amakhala pafupifupi 90% ya kulemera kwa thupi. Akakula mpaka wachinyamata, kuchuluka kwa madzi amthupi kumafika pafupifupi 75%. Madzi omwe ali ndi anthu akuluakulu ndi 65%. Aliyense sangakhale opanda madzi m'moyo watsiku ndi tsiku. Kumwa madzi kumafuna kapu yamadzi. Kaya kunyumba kapena muofesi, aliyense adzakhala ndi chikho chake chamadzi. Kusankha kapu yoyenera yamadzi ndikofunika kwambiri kwa ife. Komanso, pali makapu amadzi osiyanasiyana pamsika. Momwe tingasankhire chikho chamadzi chapamwamba komanso chathanzi ndichonso chidwi chathu chapadera. Lero, mkonzi adzagawana nanu momwe mungasankhire yoyenerachikho chamadzi?
Nkhaniyi ifotokoza zinthu zotsatirazi
1. Kodi makapu amadzi ndi chiyani?
1.1 Chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri
1.2 Galasi
1.3 Pulasitiki
1.4 Ceramic
1.5 Enamel
1.6 kapu ya pepala
1.7 Chikho chamatabwa
2. Fotokozani zosowa zanu ndi zochitika
3. Njira zodzitetezera pogula makapu amadzi
4. Ndi makapu ati amadzi omwe amalimbikitsidwa
1. Kodi makapu amadzi ndi chiyani?
Zida za makapu amadzi zimagawidwa kukhala zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri, galasi, pulasitiki, ceramic, enamel, mapepala, ndi matabwa. Pali mitundu yambiri ya zigawo zapadera za chinthu chilichonse. Ndiroleni ndifotokoze mwatsatanetsatane pansipa.
> 1.1 Chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri
Chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri ndi chinthu cha aloyi. Nthawi zina timada nkhawa ndi dzimbiri kapena zina. Malingana ngati ndi chikho chamadzi chosapanga dzimbiri chomwe chimakwaniritsa miyezo ya dziko, kuthekera kwa dzimbiri kumakhala kochepa kwambiri. Kapu yamtunduwu imagwiritsidwa ntchito kusunga madzi owiritsa wamba pansi pa ntchito yabwinobwino, ndipo palibe chifukwa chodera nkhawa. Komabe, ndi bwino kusamala kuti musagwiritse ntchito chikho cha chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri cha tiyi, msuzi wa soya, vinyo wosasa, msuzi, ndi zina zotero kwa nthawi yaitali, kuti mupewe thupi la chikho kuti lisawonongeke komanso mvula yachitsulo ya chromium yomwe ili yovulaza. ku thupi la munthu.
Zida zachitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri za makapu amadzi ndi 304 zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri ndi 316 zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri. 316 ndi yamphamvu kuposa 304 mu asidi, alkali komanso kutentha kwambiri. Kodi 304 chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri ndi chiyani? Kodi 316 chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri ndi chiyani?
Tiyeni tikambirane kaye za chitsulo ndi chitsulo.
Kusiyana pakati pa chitsulo ndi chitsulo makamaka kumakhala mu carbon. Chitsulo chimasinthidwa kukhala chitsulo poyenga zinthu za carbon. Chitsulo ndi zinthu zomwe zili ndi mpweya wa carbon pakati pa 0.02% ndi 2.11%; chinthu chokhala ndi mpweya wambiri (nthawi zambiri kuposa 2%) chimatchedwa chitsulo (chotchedwanso chitsulo cha nkhumba). Kukwera kwa carbon, kumakhala kovuta kwambiri, kotero kuti chitsulo chimakhala cholimba kuposa chitsulo, koma chitsulo chimakhala cholimba kwambiri.
Kodi chitsulo sichichita dzimbiri bwanji? N’chifukwa chiyani chitsulo chimakhala ndi dzimbiri?
Iron imakhudzidwa ndi mankhwala ndi mpweya ndi madzi mumlengalenga kupanga filimu ya oxide pamwamba, ndichifukwa chake nthawi zambiri timawona dzimbiri lofiira.
Dzimbiri
Pali mitundu yambiri yazitsulo, ndipo chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri ndi chimodzi mwa izo. Chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri chimatchedwanso "chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri cha asidi". Chifukwa chomwe chitsulo sichichita dzimbiri ndi chakuti zonyansa zina zachitsulo zimawonjezeredwa kuzitsulo zopangira zitsulo kuti zipange zitsulo za alloy (monga kuwonjezera zitsulo chromium Cr), koma osati dzimbiri zimangotanthauza kuti sizidzawonongeka ndi mpweya. Ngati mukufuna kukhala osamva acid komanso osachita dzimbiri, muyenera kuwonjezera zitsulo zina. Pali zitsulo zitatu zodziwika bwino: chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri cha martensitic, chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri cha ferritic ndi chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri cha austenitic.
Chitsulo chosapanga dzimbiri cha Austenitic chili ndi magwiridwe antchito abwino kwambiri. 304 ndi 316 zomwe tazitchula pamwambapa ndizitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri za austenitic. Zomwe zili muzitsulo ziwirizi ndizosiyana. Kukana dzimbiri 304 kale kwambiri, ndipo 316 ndi bwino kuposa izo. Chitsulo cha 316 chimawonjezera molybdenum ku 304, yomwe imatha kupititsa patsogolo luso lake lolimbana ndi dzimbiri la oxide ndi aluminium chloride corrosion. Zida zina zapakhomo za m'mphepete mwa nyanja kapena zombo zidzagwiritsa ntchito 316. Zonsezi ndi zitsulo zamtengo wapatali, choncho palibe vuto posankha. Ponena za ngati kusiyana pakati pa ziwirizi kungasiyanitsidwe ndi maso aumunthu, yankho ndilo ayi.
> Galasi 1.2
Ziyenera kunenedwa kuti pakati pa makapu onse a zipangizo zosiyanasiyana, galasi ndi labwino kwambiri, ndipo mankhwala ena achilengedwe sagwiritsidwa ntchito powombera galasi. Tili ndi nkhawa kuti mankhwala owopsa omwe ali mu kapu yokha adzalowa m'thupi mwathu panthawi ya madzi akumwa, ndipo mankhwala achilengedwe adzakhala ndi zotsatirapo pa thupi la munthu. Sipadzakhala vuto ngati mukugwiritsa ntchito galasi. Pogwiritsa ntchito, kaya ndikuyeretsa kapena kusonkhanitsa, galasi ndi losavuta komanso losavuta.
Makapu omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kawirikawiri amagawidwa m'magulu atatu: makapu amadzi a galasi la soda-laimu, makapu amadzi a galasi a borosilicate, ndi makapu amadzi a galasi.
Ⅰ. Makapu a galasi la soda-laimu
Soda-laimu galasi ndi mtundu wa galasi silicate. Amapangidwa makamaka ndi silicon dioxide, calcium oxide, ndi sodium oxide. Zigawo zazikulu za galasi lathyathyathya, mabotolo, zitini, mababu, ndi zina zambiri ndi galasi la soda.
Galasi lazinthuli liyenera kukhala lokhazikika bwino lamankhwala komanso kukhazikika kwamafuta, chifukwa zigawo zazikulu ndi silicon dioxide, calcium silicate, ndi sodium silicate imasungunuka. Sipadzakhala zotsatira zoyipa zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito tsiku ndi tsiku, ndipo sizidzabweretsa zotsatirapo zoipa pa thanzi.
Ⅱ. Makapu agalasi apamwamba a borosilicate
Magalasi apamwamba a borosilicate ali ndi kukana kwamoto wabwino, mphamvu zolimbitsa thupi, palibe zotsatirapo zoyipa, komanso makina apamwamba kwambiri, kukhazikika kwamafuta, kukana madzi, kukana kwa alkali, ndi kukana asidi. Amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pazinthu zambiri monga nyale, tableware, ndi magalasi a telescope. Poyerekeza ndi galasi la soda-laimu, imatha kupirira kutentha kwambiri. Galasi yamtunduwu ndi yocheperako komanso yopepuka, ndipo imamveka mopepuka m'manja. Makapu athu ambiri amadzi amapangidwa ndi izi tsopano, monga kapu yamadzi yagalasi yokhala ndi magawo awiri okhala ndi tiyi ya Thermos, thupi lonse la kapu limapangidwa ndi galasi lapamwamba la borosilicate.
Ⅲ. Galasi la kristalo
Galasi la kristalo limatanthawuza chidebe chomwe chimapangidwa ndi galasi losungunuka kenako kupanga chidebe chofanana ndi krustalo, chomwe chimatchedwanso crystal crystal. Chifukwa cha kusowa ndi kuvutika kwa migodi ya kristalo wachilengedwe, sangathe kukwaniritsa zosowa za anthu, kotero kuti galasi la kristalo lochita kupanga linabadwa.
Maonekedwe a galasi la kristalo ndi owoneka bwino, akuwonetsa kumverera kwabwino kwambiri. Galasi yamtunduwu ndi mankhwala apamwamba pakati pa galasi, kotero mtengo wa galasi la kristalo udzakhala wokwera mtengo kuposa wa galasi wamba. Galasi ya kristalo imatha kusiyanitsidwa ndi galasi wamba poyang'anitsitsa. Mukayigunda ndi dzanja lanu, galasi la kristalo limatha kumveka ngati chitsulo, ndipo galasi la kristalo limakhala lolemera m'manja mwanu. Mukatembenuza galasi la kristalo poyang'ana kuwala, mumamva kuti ndinu oyera komanso omveka bwino.
> 1.3 Pulasitiki
Pali mitundu yambiri ya makapu amadzi apulasitiki pamsika. Zida zitatu zazikulu zapulasitiki ndi PC (polycarbonate), PP (polypropylene), ndi tritan (Tritan Copolyester).
Ⅰ. Zinthu za PC
Kuchokera pakuwona chitetezo chakuthupi, PC ndiyabwino kuti musasankhe. Zinthu za PC zakhala zikutsutsana nthawi zonse, makamaka pazakudya. Kuchokera pamalingaliro a mamolekyu amankhwala, PC ndi polymer yayikulu kwambiri yokhala ndi magulu a carbonate mu unyolo wa maselo. Ndiye n'chifukwa chiyani osavomerezeka kusankha PC zinthu makapu madzi?
PC nthawi zambiri imapangidwa kuchokera ku bisphenol A (BPA) ndi carbon oxychloride (COCl2). Bisphenol A idzatulutsidwa pansi pa kutentha kwakukulu. Malipoti ena a kafukufuku amasonyeza kuti bisphenol A ingayambitse matenda a endocrine, khansa, kunenepa kwambiri chifukwa cha kusokonezeka kwa kagayidwe kachakudya, komanso kutha msinkhu kwa ana aang'ono akhoza kukhala okhudzana ndi bisphenol A. Choncho, kuyambira 2008, boma la Canada lazindikira kuti ndi mankhwala oopsa ndipo linaletsedwa. kuwonjezera kwake pakupanga chakudya. EU imakhulupiriranso kuti mabotolo a ana omwe ali ndi bisphenol A angayambitse kutha msinkhu ndipo akhoza kukhudza thanzi la mwana wosabadwayo ndi ana. Kuyambira pa Marichi 2, 2011, EU idaletsanso kupanga mabotolo a ana okhala ndi bisphenol A. Ku China, kuitanitsa ndi kugulitsa mabotolo a ana a PC kapena mabotolo amwana ofanana omwe ali ndi bisphenol A adaletsedwa kuyambira pa Seputembala 1, 2011.
Zitha kuwoneka kuti PC ili ndi nkhawa zachitetezo. Ine ndekha ndikupangira kuti ndibwino kuti musasankhe zinthu za PC ngati pali kusankha.
Kugulitsa mwachindunji kwa makapu akumwa a polycarbonate amphamvu kwambiri
Ⅱ. PP zinthu
PP, yomwe imadziwikanso kuti polypropylene, imakhala yopanda utoto, yopanda fungo, yopanda poizoni, yowoneka bwino, ilibe bisphenol A, imatha kuyaka, imasungunuka mpaka 165 ℃, imafewetsa pafupifupi 155 ℃, ndipo imakhala ndi kutentha kwa -30 mpaka 140 ℃. Makapu a PP tableware ndiwonso zinthu zapulasitiki zokha zomwe zingagwiritsidwe ntchito potenthetsera ma microwave.
Ⅲ. Zinthu za Tritan
Tritan ndi polyester yamankhwala yomwe imathetsa zovuta zambiri zamapulasitiki, kuphatikiza kulimba, kulimba kwamphamvu, komanso kukhazikika kwa hydrolysis. Ndizosamva mankhwala, zimawonekera kwambiri, ndipo mulibe bisphenol A mu PC. Tritan yadutsa chiphaso cha US Food and Drug Administration FDA (Food Contact Notification (FCN) No.729) ndipo ndizomwe zimapangidwira makanda ku Europe ndi United States.
Tikagula kapu yamadzi, titha kuwona kapangidwe ndi zinthu za kapu yamadzi, monga zoyambira zoyambira pansipa:
> 1.4 Ceramics
Ndikuganiza kuti mudamvapo za Jingdezhen, ndipo zoumba za Jingdezhen ndizodziwika kwambiri. Mabanja ambiri amagwiritsa ntchito makapu a ceramic, makamaka makapu a tiyi. Zomwe zimatchedwa "chikho cha ceramic" ndi mawonekedwe opangidwa ndi dongo, opangidwa ndi dongo kapena zinthu zina zopanda zitsulo zopangira zitsulo, kupyolera mu kuumba, sintering ndi njira zina, ndipo potsiriza zouma ndi zowumitsidwa kuti zisawonongeke m'madzi.
Chodetsa nkhawa kwambiri mukamagwiritsa ntchito makapu a ceramic ndikuti zida zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito muzoumba zimaposa muyezo wazitsulo zolemera ( lead ndi cadmium). Kudya kwanthawi yayitali kwa lead ndi cadmium kumayambitsa zitsulo zolemera kwambiri m'thupi, zomwe ndizosavuta kuyambitsa zovuta m'ziwalo zofunika monga chiwindi, impso, ndi ubongo.
Kumwa madzi mu kapu ya ceramic kumakhalanso kwathanzi, popanda mankhwala opangidwa ndi organic. Ndibwino kuti tonse tipite kumisika yodziwika bwino ya makapu a ceramic (kapena masitolo amtundu) kukagula makapu amadzi a ceramic athanzi, omwenso ndi chitsimikizo chabwino pa thanzi lathu.
Makapu a ceramic ndi okongola kwambiri
> 1.5 Enamel
Ndikuganiza kuti anthu ambiri ayiwala kuti enamel ndi chiyani. Kodi tagwiritsa ntchito makapu enamel? Onani chithunzi pansipa kuti mudziwe.
Makapu enamel amapangidwa ndi kupaka utoto wosanjikiza wa ceramic glaze pamwamba pa zitsulo makapu ndi kuwombera pa kutentha kwambiri. Enameling pamwamba zitsulo ndi ceramic glaze kungalepheretse chitsulo oxidized ndi dzimbiri, ndipo akhoza kukana kukokoloka kwa zakumwa zosiyanasiyana. Mtundu uwu wa chikho cha enamel umagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi makolo athu, koma kwenikweni wapita tsopano. Amene awonapo amadziwa kuti chitsulo mkati mwa kapu chidzachita dzimbiri pambuyo poti glaze ya ceramic kunja ikugwa.
Makapu enamel amapangidwa pambuyo pa kutentha kwambiri kwa enameling pa masauzande a digiri Celsius. Zilibe zinthu zovulaza monga mtovu ndipo zingagwiritsidwe ntchito molimba mtima. Komabe, zitsulo zomwe zili m'kapu zimatha kusungunuka m'malo a acidic, ndipo monga tafotokozera pamwambapa, kuwonongeka kwa pamwamba kungayambitsenso zinthu zovulaza. Ngati agwiritsidwa ntchito, ndibwino kuti musagwiritse ntchito makapu enamel kuti musunge zakumwa za acidic kwa nthawi yayitali.
> 1.6 makapu a mapepala
Masiku ano, timagwiritsa ntchito makapu a mapepala otayidwa kwambiri. Kaya mumalesitilanti, zipinda za alendo, kapena kunyumba, timatha kuwona makapu amapepala. Makapu a mapepala amatipatsa ife kukhala omasuka komanso aukhondo chifukwa ndi otayira. Komabe, nkovuta kuweruza ngati makapu a mapepala otayidwa ali aukhondo komanso aukhondo. Makapu ena otsika a mapepala amakhala ndi zowunikira zambiri za fulorosenti, zomwe zingayambitse kusintha kwa maselo ndikukhala chinthu chomwe chingayambitse khansa pambuyo polowa m'thupi la munthu.
Makapu amapepala wamba amagawidwa m'makapu opaka sera ndi makapu okhala ndi polyethylene (PE coating).
Cholinga cha kupaka sera ndikuteteza madzi kuti asatayike. Chifukwa sera imasungunuka ikakumana ndi madzi otentha, makapu okhala ndi sera amangogwiritsidwa ntchito ngati makapu akumwa ozizira. Popeza sera idzasungunuka, kodi mukamwa idzakhala poizoni? Mutha kukhala otsimikiza kuti ngakhale mutamwa mwangozi sera yosungunuka kuchokera mu kapu ya sera, simudzakhala poizoni. Makapu a mapepala oyenerera amagwiritsira ntchito parafini ya chakudya, zomwe sizingawononge thupi. Komabe, palibe makapu a pepala opaka phula tsopano. Zothandiza kwenikweni ndikuwonjezera wosanjikiza wa emulsion kunja kwa kapu ya sera kuti ikhale kapu yowongoka yokhala ndi mipanda iwiri. Kapu yamitundu iwiri imakhala ndi kutentha kwabwino ndipo imatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati kapu yakumwa yotentha komanso kapu ya ayisikilimu.
Makapu amapepala okhala ndi polyethylene tsopano amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri pamsika. Makapu okhala ndi polyethylene ndi njira yatsopano. Chikho chamtunduwu chidzakutidwa ndi pulasitiki ya polyethylene (PE) pamwamba pakupanga, yomwe imakhala yofanana ndi kuphimba pamwamba pa kapu ya pepala ndi filimu ya pulasitiki.
Kodi polyethylene ndi chiyani? Ndi zotetezeka?
Polyethylene imagonjetsedwa ndi kutentha kwakukulu, imakhala yoyera kwambiri, ndipo ilibe zowonjezera mankhwala, makamaka plasticizers, bisphenol A ndi zinthu zina. Chifukwa chake, makapu amapepala otayidwa okhala ndi polyethylene amatha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zakumwa zoziziritsa kukhosi komanso zotentha, ndipo ndizotetezeka. Tikasankha, tiyenera kuyang'ana zinthu za chikho, monga kufotokoza zotsatirazi:
Parameter kufotokoza za mtundu wina wa pepala chikho
> 1.7 Chikho chamatabwa
Makapu oyera amatabwa ndi osavuta kutayikira akadzazidwa ndi madzi, ndipo nthawi zambiri amafunikira kuti azipaka mafuta a phula kapena lacquer kuti akwaniritse kutentha, kukana asidi komanso kusalowa madzi. Mafuta a phula a mtengo wodible amakhala ndi phula lachilengedwe, mafuta a mpendadzuwa, mafuta a mpendadzuwa, mafuta a soya, ndi zina zotero, alibe mankhwala opangira mankhwala, ndipo ndi obiriwira komanso okonda chilengedwe.
Makapu amatabwa sagwiritsidwa ntchito kawirikawiri, ndipo ndizofala kukhala ndi makapu amatabwa akumwa tiyi kunyumba.
Ndikosowa kugwiritsa ntchito. Mwinamwake kugwiritsa ntchito zipangizo zamatabwa zamatabwa kumawononga zachilengedwe, ndipo mtengo wopangira chikho chamadzi chamatabwa chokhala ndi mphamvu zambiri ndi wokwera kwambiri.
2. Fotokozani zomwe mukufuna?
Mukhoza kusankha chikho chanu chamadzi molingana ndi malingaliro otsatirawa.
[Kugwiritsa ntchito kwa Banja tsiku ndi tsiku]
Osaganizira zovuta kuzichotsa, makapu agalasi amalimbikitsidwa.
[Masewera ndi kugwiritsa ntchito kwanu]
Ndi bwino kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zapulasitiki, zomwe zimagonjetsedwa ndi kugwa.
[Ulendo wamalonda ndi kugwiritsa ntchito kwanu]
Mutha kuziyika m'chikwama chanu kapena m'galimoto mukakhala paulendo wantchito. Ngati mukufuna kutentha, mukhoza kusankha zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri.
[Zogwiritsa ntchito muofesi]
Ndi yabwino komanso yofanana ndi ntchito kunyumba. Ndi bwino kusankha galasi madzi chikho.
3. Kodi muyenera kusamala bwanji pogula kapu yamadzi?
1. Kuchokera pakuwona thanzi ndi chitetezo, tikulimbikitsidwa kusankha kapu yagalasi poyamba. Makapu agalasi alibe mankhwala achilengedwe ndipo ndi osavuta kuyeretsa.
2. Mukamagula kapu yamadzi, pitani kusitolo yayikulu kapena mugule kapu yamadzi pa intaneti. Werengani zambiri zamalonda ndi mawu oyamba. Musakhale aumbombo pa kutsika mtengo ndipo musagule zinthu zitatu zopanda pake.
3. Osagula makapu apulasitiki okhala ndi fungo lamphamvu.
4. Ndibwino kuti musagule makapu apulasitiki opangidwa ndi PC.
5. Pogula makapu a ceramic, samalani kwambiri ndi kusalala kwa glaze. Osagula zowala, zotsika, zonyezimira zolemera komanso makapu amtundu wolemera.
6. Osagula makapu achitsulo osapanga dzimbiri omwe achita dzimbiri. Ndi bwino kugula makapu 304 kapena 316 zitsulo zosapanga dzimbiri.
7. Mukamagula kapu ya enamel, onani ngati khoma la chikho ndi m'mphepete mwa chikho zawonongeka. Ngati pali zowonongeka, musagule.
8. Makapu agalasi osanjikiza amodzi ndi otentha. Ndi bwino kusankha makapu awiri osanjikiza kapena okhuthala.
9. Makapu ena amakonda kudontha pazivundikiro, choncho fufuzani ngati pali mphete zomata.
Nthawi yotumiza: Sep-18-2024