Kuthiwa abantu bakhiwe ngamanzi. Isisindo esiningi somzimba womuntu ngamanzi. Lapho umuntu esemncane, inani lamanzi liyanda emzimbeni. Lapho ingane isanda kuzalwa, amanzi abalelwa ku-90% wesisindo somzimba. Lapho ikhula ize ibe yintsha, inani lamanzi emzimbeni lifinyelela cishe ku-75%. Umthamo wamanzi wabantu abadala abajwayelekile ungama-65%. Wonke umuntu akakwazi ukuphila ngaphandle kwamanzi ekuphileni kwansuku zonke. Ukuphuza amanzi kudinga inkomishi yamanzi. Noma ngabe kusekhaya noma ehhovisi, wonke umuntu uzoba nenkomishi yakhe yamanzi. Ukukhetha inkomishi yamanzi efanelekile kubaluleke kakhulu kithi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, kunezinhlobonhlobo zezinkomishi zamanzi emakethe. Indlela yokukhetha inkomishi yamanzi esezingeni eliphezulu nenempilo nakho kuyindaba yethu ekhethekile. Namuhla, umhleli uzokwabelana nawe ukuthi ungakhetha kanjani okufaneleinkomishi yamanzi?
Isihloko sizokhuluma ngezici ezilandelayo
1. Yiziphi izinto ezisetshenziswa izinkomishi zamanzi
1.1 Insimbi engagqwali
1.2 Ingilazi
1.3 Ipulasitiki
1.4 I-Ceramic
1.5 Enamel
1.6 Inkomishi yephepha
1.7 Inkomishi yokhuni
2. Cacisa izidingo zakho ngesigcawu
3. Izinyathelo zokuphepha zokuthenga izinkomishi zamanzi
4. Yiziphi izinkomishi zamanzi ezinconyiwe
1. Yiziphi izinto ezisetshenziswa izinkomishi zamanzi?
Izinto ezisetshenziswa izinkomishi zamanzi zihlukaniswe ngensimbi engagqwali, ingilazi, ipulasitiki, i-ceramic, koqweqwe lwawo, iphepha nokhuni. Kunezinhlobo eziningi zezingxenye ezithile zento ngayinye. Ake ngibachaze kabanzi ngezansi.
> 1.1 Insimbi engagqwali
Insimbi engagqwali iwumkhiqizo wengxubevange. Ngezinye izikhathi sikhathazeka ngokugqwala noma okuthile. Uma nje kuyinkomishi yamanzi yensimbi engagqwali ehlangabezana nezindinganiso zikazwelonke, amathuba okugqwala aphansi kakhulu. Lolu hlobo lwenkomishi lusetshenziselwa ukubamba amanzi ajwayelekile abilisiwe ngaphansi kokusetshenziswa okujwayelekile, futhi asikho isidingo sokukhathazeka nhlobo. Kodwa-ke, kuhle kakhulu ukuqaphela ukuthi ungasebenzisi le nkomishi yensimbi engagqwali ukwenza itiye, isoso yesoya, uviniga, isobho, njll., ukuze ugweme inkomishi ukuthi ingagqwali kanye nemvula ye-chromium yensimbi eyingozi. emzimbeni womuntu.
Izinto ezivamile zensimbi engagqwali zezinkomishi zamanzi ziyinsimbi engagqwali engu-304 kanye nensimbi engagqwali engu-316. I-316 inamandla kune-304 nge-asidi, i-alkali kanye nokumelana nokushisa okuphezulu. Iyini i-304 insimbi engagqwali? Iyini i-316 insimbi engagqwali?
Ake sikhulume ngensimbi nensimbi kuqala.
Umehluko phakathi kwensimbi nensimbi ikakhulukazi ekuqukethwe kwekhabhoni. I-ayoni iguqulwa ibe yinsimbi ngokucwenga okuqukethwe kwekhabhoni. Insimbi yinto enokuqukethwe kwekhabhoni phakathi kuka-0.02% no-2.11%; impahla enekhabhoni ephezulu (imvamisa engaphezu kuka-2%) ibizwa nge-iron (ebuye ibizwe nge-iron yengulube). Ukuphakama kwekhabhoni, kuba lukhuni, ngakho insimbi ilukhuni kunensimbi, kodwa insimbi inokuqina okungcono.
Insimbi ayigqwali kanjani? Kungani insimbi ijwayele ukugqwala?
I-ayoni ihlangana ngamakhemikhali nomoya-mpilo namanzi emkhathini ukuze yakhe ifilimu ye-oxide phezulu, yingakho sivame ukubona ukugqwala okubomvu.
Ukugqwala
Kunezinhlobo eziningi zensimbi, futhi insimbi engagqwali ingenye yazo. Insimbi engagqwali ibizwa nangokuthi "insimbi engagqwali engamelana ne-asidi". Isizathu sokuthi kungani insimbi ingagqwali ukuthi okunye ukungcola kwensimbi kwengezwa enqubweni yokwenza insimbi ukuze kwenziwe insimbi eyingxubevange (njengokwengeza i-chromium Cr yensimbi), kodwa ukungagqwali kusho kuphela ukuthi ngeke kugqwelwe wumoya. Uma ufuna ukumelana ne-asidi futhi imelane nokugqwala, udinga ukwengeza ezinye izinsimbi. Kunezinsimbi ezintathu ezivamile: insimbi engagqwali ye-martensitic, insimbi engagqwali ye-ferritic kanye nensimbi engagqwali ye-austenitic.
Insimbi engagqwali ye-Austenitic inokusebenza okuhle kakhulu okuphelele. I-304 ne-316 eshiwo ngenhla yizinsimbi ezingenasici ze-austenitic. Ukwakheka kwensimbi kokubili kuhlukile. Ukumelana nokugqwala kwe-304 sekuvele kuphezulu kakhulu, futhi i-316 ingcono kunayo. I-316 steel yengeza i-molybdenum ku-304, engathuthukisa kakhulu amandla ayo okumelana nokugqwala kwe-oxide nokugqwala kwe-aluminium chloride. Ezinye izinto zasendlini ezisogwini lolwandle noma imikhumbi izosebenzisa i-316. Zombili ziyinsimbi yezinga lokudla, ngakho-ke ayikho inkinga ekukhetheni. Mayelana nokuthi umehluko phakathi kwalokhu kokubili ungahlukaniswa ngamehlo omuntu, impendulo ithi cha.
>1.2 Ingilazi
Kufanele kushiwo ukuthi phakathi kwazo zonke izinkomishi zezinto ezihlukahlukene, ingilazi iyona enempilo kakhulu, kanti amanye amakhemikhali e-organic awasetshenziswa ekuqhumeni ingilazi. Empeleni sikhathazekile ukuthi amakhemikhali ayingozi enkomishi ngokwawo azongena emzimbeni wethu ngesikhathi samanzi okuphuza, futhi amakhemikhali e-organic ayoba nemiphumela emibi emzimbeni womuntu. Ngeke kube khona inkinga enjalo uma usebenzisa ingilazi. Ngesikhathi sokusetshenziswa, kungakhathaliseki ukuthi ukuhlanza noma ukuqoqa, ingilazi ilula futhi ilula.
Izinkomishi zamanzi engilazi ezivame ukusetshenziswa zihlukaniswe zibe izinhlobo ezintathu: izinkomishi zamanzi zengilazi ye-soda-lime, izinkomishi zamanzi zengilazi eziphezulu ze-borosilicate, nezinkomishi zamanzi zengilazi ye-crystal.
Ⅰ. I-soda-lime ingilazi izinkomishi
Ingilazi ye-soda-lime iwuhlobo lwengilazi ye-silicate. Yakhiwa ikakhulukazi i-silicon dioxide, i-calcium oxide, ne-sodium oxide. Izingxenye eziyinhloko zengilazi eyisicaba evame ukusetshenziswa, amabhodlela, amathini, amalambu okukhanya, njll. ingilazi ye-soda-lime.
Le ngilazi yezinto ezibonakalayo kufanele ibe nokusimama okuhle kwamakhemikhali kanye nokuzinza kokushisa, ngoba izingxenye eziyinhloko ziyi-silicon dioxide, i-calcium silicate, ne-sodium silicate encibilikayo. Ngeke kube nemiphumela emibi enobuthi ekusetshenzisweni kwansuku zonke, futhi ngeke kubangele imiphumela emibi empilweni.
Ⅱ. Izinkomishi zengilazi ze-borosilicate eziphezulu
Ingilazi ephezulu ye-borosilicate inokumelana nomlilo okuhle, amandla aphezulu ngokomzimba, ayikho imiphumela emibi enobuthi, kanye nezakhiwo ezivelele zemishini, ukuzinza kokushisa, ukumelana namanzi, ukumelana ne-alkali, nokumelana ne-asidi. Isetshenziswa kabanzi emikhiqizweni eminingi efana nezibani, i-tableware, namalensi ebonakude. Uma iqhathaniswa nengilazi ye-soda-lime, ingamelana nokushintsha kwezinga lokushisa okwengeziwe. Lolu hlobo lwengilazi luzacile futhi lulula, futhi luzwakala lulula esandleni. Izinkomishi zethu eziningi zamanzi zenziwe ngayo manje, njengenkomishi yamanzi yengilazi enezingqimba ezimbili ene-tea strainer ye-Thermos, wonke umzimba wenkomishi wenziwe ngengilazi ephezulu ye-borosilicate.
Ⅲ. Ingilazi yekristalu
Ingilazi eyikristalu isho isitsha esenziwe ngengilazi encibilikayo bese senza isitsha esifana nekristalu, esibuye saziwe ngokuthi yikristalu yokwenziwa. Ngenxa yokushoda nobunzima bokumbiwa kwekristalu yemvelo, ayikwazi ukuhlangabezana nezidingo zabantu, ngakho kwazalwa ingilazi yekristalu yokwenziwa.
Ukuthungwa kwengilazi yekristalu kucace ngokucwebezelayo, kuveza umuzwa wokubukwa omuhle kakhulu. Lolu hlobo lwengilazi luwumkhiqizo ophezulu phakathi kwengilazi, ngakho-ke intengo ye-crystal glass izobiza kakhulu kunengilazi evamile. Ingilazi ye-Crystal ingahlukaniswa nengilazi evamile ngokubheka eduze. Uma uyithepha noma uyiqhweba ngesandla, ingilazi yekristalu ingenza umsindo opholile wensimbi, futhi ingilazi yekristalu izwakale isindayo esandleni sakho. Uma uzungezisa ingilazi yekristalu ngokumelene nokukhanya, uzozizwa umhlophe kakhulu futhi ucwebile.
>1.3 Ipulasitiki
Kunezinhlobo eziningi zezinkomishi zamanzi zepulasitiki emakethe. Izinto ezintathu eziyinhloko zepulasitiki yi-PC (i-polycarbonate), i-PP (i-polypropylene), ne-tritan (i-Tritan Copolyester).
Ⅰ. Izinto ze-PC
Ngokombono wokuphepha kwezinto ezibonakalayo, i-PC ingcono kakhulu ukungakhethi. Izinto ze-PC bezilokhu zinezimpikiswano, ikakhulukazi zokupakisha ukudla. Ngokombono wama-molecule wamakhemikhali, i-PC iyi-polymer ephezulu yamangqamuzana aqukethe amaqembu e-carbonate ochungechungeni lwamangqamuzana. Ngakho-ke kungani kunganconywa ukukhetha izinkomishi zamanzi ze-PC?
I-PC ngokuvamile ihlanganiswa kusuka ku-bisphenol A (BPA) kanye ne-carbon oxychloride (COCl2). I-Bisphenol A izokhishwa ngaphansi kwezinga lokushisa eliphezulu. Eminye imibiko yocwaningo ibonisa ukuthi i-bisphenol A ingabangela ukuphazamiseka kwe-endocrine, umdlavuza, ukukhuluphala okubangelwa ukuphazamiseka kwe-metabolic, kanye nokuthomba ezinganeni kungase kuhlotshaniswe ne-bisphenol A. Ngakho-ke, kusukela ngo-2008, uhulumeni waseCanada uye wayibona njengento enobuthi futhi yavalwa. ukwengeza kwayo ekufakweni kokudla. I-EU ikholelwa nokuthi amabhodlela ezingane aqukethe i-bisphenol A angakwazi ukuthomba ngaphambi kwesikhathi futhi angase abe nomthelela empilweni yombungu kanye nezingane. Kusukela ngo-March 2, 2011, i-EU iphinde yavimbela ukukhiqizwa kwamabhodlela ezingane aqukethe i-bisphenol A. E-China, ukungenisa nokudayiswa kwamabhodlela ezingane e-PC noma amabhodlela ezingane afanayo aqukethe i-bisphenol A kwavinjelwa kusukela ngo-September 1, 2011.
Kuyabonakala ukuthi i-PC inezinkinga zokuphepha. Mina ngokwami ngincoma ukuthi kungcono ukungakhethi izinto ze-PC uma kukhona ukukhetha.
Ukuthengiswa okuqondile kwasefekthri kwezinkomishi zokuphuza ze-polycarbonate ezinomthamo omkhulu
Ⅱ. PP impahla
I-PP, eyaziwa nangokuthi i-polypropylene, ayinambala, ayinaphunga, ayinabuthi, ayishintshile, ayinayo i-bisphenol A, iyasha, inendawo encibilikayo engu-165 ℃, ithambe cishe ku-155 ℃, futhi inezinga lokushisa elisetshenziswayo elingu -30 kuze kufike ku-140 ℃. Izinkomishi ze-PP tableware ziwukuphela kwempahla yepulasitiki engasetshenziselwa ukushisisa i-microwave.
Ⅲ. Izinto ze-Tritan
I-Tritan futhi iyikhemikhali ye-polyester exazulula izinkinga eziningi zamapulasitiki, okuhlanganisa ukuqina, amandla omthelela, nokuzinza kwe-hydrolysis. Iyakwazi ukumelana namakhemikhali, isobala kakhulu, futhi ayinayo i-bisphenol A ku-PC. I-Tritan isiphumelele isitifiketi se-FDA Sokulawulwa Kokudla Nezidakamizwa (Isaziso Sothintana Nokudla (FCN) No.729) futhi iyinto ekhethelwe imikhiqizo yezinsana e-Europe nase-United States.
Lapho sithenga inkomishi yamanzi, singabona ukwakheka kanye nempahla yenkomishi yamanzi, njengesingeniso esiyisisekelo sepharamitha ngezansi:
>1.4 Izithako zeCeramic
Ngicabanga ukuthi uzwile ngeJingdezhen, futhi izitsha zobumba zeJingdezhen zidume kakhulu. Imindeni eminingi isebenzisa izinkomishi zobumba, ikakhulukazi izinkomishi zetiye. Okubizwa ngokuthi "inkomishi ye-ceramic" yisimo esenziwe ngobumba, esenziwe ngobumba noma ezinye izinto ezingaphili ezingezona ezensimbi, ngokusebenzisa ukubunjwa, i-sintering nezinye izinqubo, futhi ekugcineni zomile futhi ziqiniswe ukuze zingancibiliki emanzini.
Ukukhathazeka okuyinhloko lapho usebenzisa izinkomishi ze-ceramic ukuthi izinto zokusetshenziswa ezisetshenziswa ku-ceramics zidlula izinga lezakhi zensimbi ezinzima (umthofu ne-cadmium). Ukudla isikhathi eside komthofu ne-cadmium kuzodala izinsimbi ezisindayo ngokweqile emzimbeni, okulula ukubangela ukusabela okungavamile ezithweni ezibalulekile njengesibindi, izinso, nobuchopho.
Ukuphuza amanzi enkomishini ye-ceramic nakho kunempilo, ngaphandle kwamakhemikhali ezinto eziphilayo zokwenziwa. Kutuswa ukuthi sonke siye kwezinye izimakethe zenkomishi ye-ceramic ezaziwayo (noma izitolo zemikhiqizo) ukuze sithenge izinkomishi zamanzi ze-ceramic ezinempilo, okuyisiqinisekiso esihle sempilo yethu.
Izinkomishi ze-Ceramic zinhle kakhulu
>1.5 Enamel
Ngicabanga ukuthi abantu abaningi sebekhohliwe ukuthi iyini i-enamel. Ingabe sizisebenzisile izinkomishi zoqweqwe lwawo? Bheka isithombe esingezansi ukuze wazi.
Izinkomishi ze-enamel zenziwa ngokumboza ungqimba lwe-ceramic glaze ebusweni bezinkomishi zensimbi nokudubula ekushiseni okuphezulu. Ukwenza insimbi icwebezele nge-ceramic glaze kungavimbela insimbi ukuthi ifakwe i-oxid futhi igle, futhi ingamelana nokuguguleka koketshezi oluhlukahlukene. Lolu hlobo lwenkomishi yoqweqwe lwawo ngokuyisisekelo lusetshenziswa abazali bethu, kodwa ngokuyisisekelo alusekho manje. Ababonile bayazi ukuthi insimbi engaphakathi enkomishini izogqwala ngemuva kokuwa kwe-ceramic glaze ngaphandle.
Izinkomishi zoqweqwe lwazo zenziwa ngemva kokufakwa kwezinga lokushisa eliphezulu ngezinkulungwane zamadigri Celsius. Aziqukethe izinto eziyingozi ezinjengomthofu futhi zingasetshenziswa ngokuzethemba. Kodwa-ke, insimbi esenkomishini ingase incibilike endaweni ene-asidi, futhi njengoba kushiwo ngenhla, umonakalo ongaphezulu uzophinde ubangele izinto eziyingozi. Uma isetshenzisiwe, kungcono ukungasebenzisi izinkomishi zoqweqwe lwawo ukuze ubambe iziphuzo ezine-acidic isikhathi eside.
>1.6 Izinkomishi zephepha
Namuhla, sisebenzisa kakhulu izinkomishi zephepha ezilahlwayo. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kusezitolo zokudlela, emakamelweni ezivakashi, noma ekhaya, singabona izinkomishi zephepha. Izinkomishi zamaphepha zisinika umuzwa wokulula nokuhlanzeka ngoba ziyalahlwa. Nokho, kunzima ukwahlulela ukuthi izinkomishi zephepha ezilahlwayo zihlanzekile futhi zihlanzekile yini. Ezinye izinkomishi zephepha ezisezingeni eliphansi ziqukethe inani elikhulu lezikhanyisi ze-fluorescent, ezingabangela ukuguqulwa kwamangqamuzana futhi zibe isici esinamandla se-carcinogenic ngemva kokungena emzimbeni womuntu.
Izinkomishi zephepha ezivamile zihlukaniswa zibe izinkomishi eziboshwe nge-wax nezinkomishi ezifakwe nge-polyethylene (PE coating).
Inhloso yokugcoba nge-wax ukuvimbela ukuvuza kwamanzi. Ngenxa yokuthi i-wax izoncibilika lapho ihlangana namanzi ashisayo, izinkomishi eziboshwe nge-wax ngokuvamile zisetshenziswa njengezinkomishi zesiphuzo esibandayo. Njengoba ingcina izoncibilika, ingabe izoba nobuthi uma uyiphuza? Ungaqiniseka ukuthi ngisho noma uphuza ngephutha i-wax encibilikile enkomishini ye-wax, ngeke ube nobuthi. Izinkomishi zephepha ezifanelekayo zisebenzisa upharafini wezinga lokudla, ongeke ubangele ukulimala emzimbeni. Kodwa-ke, empeleni azikho izinkomishi zephepha ezenziwe nge-wax manje. Okuwusizo ngokuyisisekelo ukufaka ungqimba lwe-emulsion ngaphandle kwenkomishi ye-wax ukuze kube inkomishi enezindonga ezimbili eziqondile. Inkomishi enezingqimba ezimbili inokushisa okuhle futhi ingasetshenziswa njengenkomishi yesiphuzo esishisayo nenkomishi ka-ayisikhilimu.
Izinkomishi zephepha ezimbozwe nge-polyethylene manje sezisetshenziswa kakhulu emakethe. Izinkomishi eziboshwe nge-polyethylene ziyinqubo entsha. Lolu hlobo lwendebe luzogqitshwa ngendwangu yepulasitiki ye-polyethylene (PE) ebusweni ngesikhathi sokukhiqiza, okulingana nokumboza ubuso bendebe yephepha ngendwangu yefilimu yepulasitiki.
Iyini i-polyethylene? Ingabe iphephile?
I-polyethylene imelana nokushisa okuphezulu, inokuhlanzeka okuphezulu, futhi ayiqukethe izithasiselo zamakhemikhali, ikakhulukazi ama-plasticizers, i-bisphenol A nezinye izinto. Ngakho-ke, izinkomishi zephepha ezilahlwayo ezine-polyethylene zingasetshenziselwa iziphuzo ezibandayo nezishisayo, futhi ziphephile uma kuqhathaniswa. Uma sikhetha, kufanele sibheke izinto zenkomishi, njengencazelo yepharamitha elandelayo:
Incazelo yepharamitha yohlobo oluthile lwenkomishi yephepha
>1.7 Inkomishi yokhuni
Izinkomishi zokhuni ezihlanzekile kulula ukuvuza lapho zigcwele amanzi, futhi ngokuvamile zidinga ukugcotshwa ngamafutha we-wax wokhuni oludliwayo noma i-lacquer ukuze kuzuzwe ukumelana nokushisa, ukumelana ne-asidi nokungangeni kwamanzi. Uwoyela we-wax wokhuni odliwayo uqukethe ingcina yezinyosi yemvelo, uwoyela we-linseed, uwoyela we-sunflower, uwoyela we-soya, njll., awuqukethe izinto zokusetshenziswa zamakhemikhali, futhi uluhlaza futhi unobungani bemvelo.
Izinkomishi zokhuni azivamile ukusetshenziswa, futhi kuvamile ukuba nezinkomishi zokhuni zokuphuza itiye ekhaya.
Kuyivelakancane ukuyisebenzisa. Mhlawumbe ukusetshenziswa kwezinto zokhuni eziluhlaza kubhubhisa i-ecology, futhi izindleko zokwenza inkomishi yamanzi yokhuni enomthamo omkhulu nazo ziphezulu kakhulu.
2. Cacisa ukuthi ziyini izidingo zakho?
Ungazikhethela inkomishi yakho yamanzi ngokwale mibono elandelayo.
[Ukusetshenziswa komndeni kwansuku zonke]
Ungakucabangeli ukuphazamiseka kokuyikhipha, kunconywa izinkomishi zengilazi.
[Ezemidlalo nokusetshenziswa komuntu siqu]
Kungcono ukusebenzisa izinto zepulasitiki, ezimelana nokuwa.
[Uhambo lwebhizinisi nokusetshenziswa komuntu siqu]
Ungayifaka esikhwameni sakho noma emotweni uma usohambweni lwebhizinisi. Uma udinga ukufudumala, ungakhetha insimbi engagqwali.
[Okokusetshenziswa ehhovisi]
Kulula futhi kufana nokusetshenziswa kwasekhaya. Kunconywa ukukhetha inkomishi yamanzi engilazi.
3. Yiziphi izinyathelo zokuphepha lapho uthenga inkomishi yamanzi?
1. Ngokombono wezempilo nokuphepha, kunconywa ukuba ukhethe indebe yeglasi kuqala. Izinkomishi zengilazi azinawo amakhemikhali emvelo futhi kulula ukuzihlanza.
2. Lapho uthenga inkomishi yamanzi, hamba uye esitolo esikhulu noma uthenge inkomishi yamanzi yomkhiqizo ku-inthanethi. Funda incazelo yomkhiqizo nesingeniso okwengeziwe. Ungahaheli imali eshibhile futhi ungathengi imikhiqizo emithathu.
3. Ungathengi izinkomishi zepulasitiki ezinamaphunga anamandla.
4. Kunconywa ukuthi ungathengi izinkomishi zepulasitiki ezenziwe nge-PC.
5. Uma uthenga izinkomishi ze-ceramic, qaphela kakhulu ukushelela kwe-glaze. Ungathengi ukucwebezela okukhanyayo, okuphansi, okusindayo nezinkomishi ezinombala ocebile.
6. Ungathengi izinkomishi zensimbi engagqwali ezigqwalile. Kungcono ukuthenga izinkomishi zensimbi ezingenasici ezingu-304 noma ezingu-316.
7. Lapho uthenga inkomishi yoqweqwe lwawo, bheka ukuthi udonga lwenkomishi nonqenqema lwenkomishi konakele yini. Uma kukhona umonakalo, ungawathengi.
8. Izinkomishi zengilazi zongqimba olulodwa ziyashisa. Kungcono ukukhetha izinkomishi ezinezingqimba ezimbili noma eziwugqinsi.
9. Ezinye izinkomishi zijwayele ukuvuza ezivaloni, ngakho hlola ukuthi azikho yini izindandatho zokuvala.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Sep-18-2024